Framing and Identity

Neil Lund

2024-10-31

Framing and Identity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5WekxAV9-0

Frames

…schemata of interpretation [that enable individuals] to locate, perceive, identify and label experiences

— Irving Goffman (1974)

Diagnosis

What is the problem? Who/what is at fault? Is this an injustice or a fact of life?

  • Are women’s feelings of being overworked a relationship problem or a structural problem?

  • Is poverty caused by poor character or global capitalism?

  • Are the struggles of disabled people caused by an illness and deserving of pity, or do they stem from discrimination?

Disability rights activists protesting Jerry Lewis’s muscular dystrophy telethon

Prognosis

How can this problem be solved?

  • Does addressing climate change require reform or revolution? Can we innovate out of it or do we need to alter consumption?

  • Can we address homelessness with free housing?

  • Should anti-abortion activists try to change attitudes or should they attempt to use the legal system to lower abortion?

“We have watched as politicians fumble, playing a political game rather than facing the facts that the solutions we need cannot be found within the current system.” (Thunberg et al., 15 March 2019)

Motivational

Why should I act? Who should participate and how?

  • Should addressing AIDs take precedence over other social problems?

  • Should “allies” take leading roles in civil rights activism?

  • Do Americans in the mid-west have a reason to care about farmers in Chiapas?

Act Up protesters

How frames matter

  • Change patterns of support, opposition, alliance etc.

  • Change focus from reform to structural change (or vice versa)

  • Shift repertoire toward a preferred set of tactics

  • “Counter framing” to make some criticisms less effective.

Framing drunk driving

  • After WWII, alcohol consumption moved away from “social problem” frames toward frames that emphasized illness.

  • Drunk driving, prior to the 1980s was just one of several alcohol-related health problems

Petition to ban alcohol advertising on radio and TV

Framing drunk driving

  • MADD re-framed drunk driving as a victims right issue:

    • Drunk driving as “The only socially acceptable form of homicide”

    • Carefully avoided general opposition to alcohol, efforts to raise alcohol taxes, or ban advertising

  • MADD reconfigured the pattern of support for policy change: from a progressive-coded regulatory framework toward a criminal justice framing that had bipartisan appeal and won the support of the liquor industry.

MADD founder Candy Lightner

Framing white power

  • After the 1960s explicit appeals to racial animosity were politically radioactive.

  • White power activists got around this through re-framing:

    • “white nationalism”, “white genocide”, “white rights” all attempted to adopt civil rights frames for white supremacy

    • shift in focus toward busing, crime, immigration etc.

a person like me speaks up and says, “Look, I’m interested in white rights”… he’s going to be totally ripped to shreds…. But if a person gets up and says, “Well, I’m concerned about preserving Jewish culture”… then nothing happens.

Identity claims

  • When do identities become salient? Who is the “we” that makes up a movement?

    • Lots of identities exist, but many of them aren’t politically relevant.

Tajfel and Turner: Minimal Group Paradigm

  • Separated a group of 64 school boys based on arbitrary preferences

  • Boys favored their in-group and punished the outgroup, even when at cost to themselves

Painting used to distinguish groups in one of Tajfel and Turner's experiments

Social Identity Theory

Three steps:

  • Social Categorization
    • Who are we?
  • Social comparison
    • How are we doing relative to other groups?
  • Social Identity
    • Desire for positive distinctiveness leads to either assimilation or collective action

Gay Rights

  • Early modern views of gay people stigmatized “buggery” as an act not so much as an identity.

  • DSM-I under the rubric of “sociopath personality disturbances”. The “psychiatric model of homosexuality” made boundaries less permeable: something you were not something you did.

Gay Rights

  • Boundaries became less permeable, leading to heightened repression but also heightened collective action opportunities.

    • Early organizations mostly worked as support groups, offered social services, etc.

    • 1970s saw a shift from assimilation and community support toward “gay power”.

Racial identity

South Africa

  • Impermeable racial boundaries and long-term stability

  • Pervasive inequality and discrimination, with little hope for permeating the boundaries

  • Resistance organized primarily around racial identity and interest (racially egalitarian for the ANC, but not for all groups!)

Brazil

  • Permeable racial boundary system. National myth of racelessness means its hard to even quantify racial inequality.

  • Racial discrimination exists but changes over time and can be avoided through assimilative strategies

  • Black activism remains relatively rare into the modern era, even though certain forms of racial discrimination are pervasive.

Studying identity and framing

  • Represents some push-back against the resource mobilization and political opportunity structure concepts

  • Difficult to study or make empirical predictions around. Its far less straightforward than the “resource mobilization” perspective.

Qualitative and small-N analysis

  • The most straightforward way to analyze frames and identities is to read movement rhetoric, interview participants, collect their public statements and then assess them narratively

  • Some researchers have used Qualitative Comparative Analysis to add some rigor to this approach. QCA uses a truth table to identify necessary/sufficient conditions for an outcome in a small number (>30) cases.

Cress and Snow (2009) use Qualitative Comparative Analysis to find necessary and sufficient conditions for positive outcomes among a small number of pro-homeless organizations.

Cress, Daniel M., and David A. Snow. “The outcomes of homeless mobilization: The influence of organization, disruption, political mediation, and framing.” American journal of sociology 105.4 (2000): 1063-1104.

Surveys and experiments

  • People will tell you their identities! Surveys of actual participants (or potential participants) are a common way to measure what people think and what motivates them.

  • Experimental manipulation of identity or frames can help show the relationship between frames and action.

Sturmer and Simon (2009) used a survey of college students to model the relationship between protest, emotion, and identity, then they used an experimental manipulation to reduce anger and see how it impacted willingness to join a rowdy event.

Stürmer, Stefan, and Bernd Simon. “Pathways to collective protest: Calculation, identification, or emotion? A critical analysis of the role of group‐based anger in social movement participation.” Journal of social issues 65.4 (2009): 681-705.

Stürmer, Stefan, and Bernd Simon. “Pathways to collective protest: Calculation, identification, or emotion? A critical analysis of the role of group‐based anger in social movement participation.” Journal of social issues 65.4 (2009): 681-705.

Content analysis

  • If researchers have access to a sizeable sample of an organization’s rhetoric, they can analyze frames quantitatively.

  • Traditional content analysis just uses human judgement to classify documents

    • Identify some categories and some documents

    • Write out some specific criteria for each group

    • Classify your documents according to your criteria (or take a random sample to classify)

Ingram (2016) classified the frames in articles across 9 issues of the Islamic State’s Dabiq magazine.

Ingram, Haroro J. “An analysis of Islamic State’s Dabiq magazine.” Australian Journal of Political Science 51.3 (2016): 458-477.

Ingram, Haroro J. “An analysis of Islamic State’s Dabiq magazine.” Australian Journal of Political Science 51.3 (2016): 458-477.

Automated content analysis

If a researcher has a lot of data (minimum>200 documents) they might be able to automate the content analysis process

  • Dictionary methods involve creating a list of key-words associated with a frame and then counting the occurrence of each

  • Supervised Machine-learning methods use a random sample of human-classified texts to automatically classify the rest of the set

  • Unsupervised Machine-learning methods use the data itself to get a general idea of the topics or concepts being expressed across different documents.

Morselli, Davide, et al. (2023) used an unsupervised learning model and a dictionary method to track frames in Facebook posts from groups associated with the Yellow Vests movement:

Morselli, Davide, et al. “A longitudinal approach to online “collective identity work”: The case of the Gilets Jaunes in the var department.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 28.3 (2023): 301-322.

Morselli, Davide, et al. “A longitudinal approach to online “collective identity work”: The case of the Gilets Jaunes in the var department.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 28.3 (2023): 301-322.